Higher education
The higher education institution is
categorized into two types: public and private. Both are supervised by the
Ministry of National Education. There are four types of higher education
institution: universities, institutes, academies, and polytechnics.
Indonesia's institutions of higher education
have experienced dramatic growth since independence. In 1950 there were 10 institutions
of higher learning with a total of about 6,500 students. In 1970, 450 private and
state institutions enrolled about 237,000 students, and by 1990 there were 900 institutions
with about 141,000 teachers and nearly 1.5 million students.By 2009 there were
2,975 institutions of higher education and more than 4.2 million students.Of
these institutions, 3 percent were public, with 57.1 percent of the student
enrollment, and 97 percent were private, with 42.9 of the student enrollment.Even
though government subsidies finance approximately 80 to 90 percent of state
university budgets, universities have considerably more autonomy in curriculum
and internal structure than do primary and secondary schools. Whereas, tuition
in such state institutions is more affordable than private-university tuition,
enabling attendance by students from relatively modest backgrounds, faculty salaries
are low by international standards. Lecturers often have other jobs outside the
university to supplement their wages.
Private universities are generally
operated by foundations.Unlike state universities, private institutions have
budgets that are almost entirely tuition-driven. A onetime registration fee
(which can be quite high) is determined at the time of entry.Universities with
a religious affiliation may receive donations or grants from religious organizations.The
government provides only limited scholarship support for studentswishing to
attend private universities.
Most of the 6,000 foreign students
studying in Indonesian universities hail from Malaysia. In particular, they are
in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, literature, humanities, Islamic studies
and engineering and the majority are sponsored by the Malaysian government.
These foreign students are dispersed across Indonesia in almost all government
universities such as University of Sumatera Utara, University of Indonesia,
GadjahMada University, Bandung Institute of Technologyand also in private institutions such as University of
Kristen KridaWacana (UKRIDA).
Indonesian degrees
|
Type ofdegree
|
Indonesian term
|
Equivalent in English speaking countries
|
|
Diploma 1 (D1)
|
Profesionalahlipratama
|
Associate degree
|
|
Diploma 2 (D2)
|
Profesionalahlimuda
|
Associate degree
|
|
Diploma 3 (D3)
|
Profesionalahlimadya
|
Associate degree
|
|
Diploma 4 (D4)
|
Sarjanasainsterapan
|
Bachelor's degree
|
|
Sarjana 1 (S1) Sarjana
|
|
Bachelor's degree
|
|
Sarjana 2 (S2) Magister
|
|
Master's degree
|
|
Sarjana 3 (S3) Doktor
|
|
Doctoral degree
|
